10 Things An 'Average Joe' Must Know About Linux

Lots of people have chosen to make the move from Windows to Linux but do
they have 'it' in them to know and understand what's in store? 







Saturday, January 25, 2014: 



Well, frankly speaking nobody is perfect, and in the current
discussion not everyone is a tech-savy geek. But does that mean they
don't have right to feel and enjoy the 'best' things in life (in this
discussion, the same pertains to technology). Over the years, many
people have switched from Windows to Linux primarily owing to freedom
that the latter provides. But, the question remains- is the 'average
joe' in you truly familiar with what Linux really is?



This goes out to all the
people who have heard the term Linux and want to know a bit more but
have no clue where to begin. Here are 10 things users must know about
Linux:

What is Linux?

"Linux is a Unix-like
computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open
source software development and distribution. The defining component of
Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released 5
October 1991 by Linus Torvalds." is how Wikipedia puts it. Most of you
will probably have the Windows operating system that has seen a number
of versions over the years. Now Windows is an Operating System, while
Windows Kernel or the Windows NT Kernel is basically the engine for it.
From the Windows NT Kernel multiple versions of Windows are formed
including the home, professional and ultimate editions.

Now
coming to our point: there is a common misconception that Linux is an
Operating System (or as even Wiki calls it). Linux is however the engine
that spawns a whole host of different operating systems known as
distributions.

What is a distribution (distro)?

The
distribution is in fact the actual operating system. So you could look
at it like this. There are multiple distributions each aimed at a
different target audience. The difference between Linux and Windows is
that there are hundreds of choices of Linux distributions with majority
of them being free.

How do I know which distribution is right for me?

This
basically comes down to personal preference. A lot of distributions
provide live CDs which makes it possible to insert the CD into you CD
drive and restart your computer and it will boot straight into the Linux
distribution. Simply try out all the functions without worrying about
messing up your Windows installation and if you like it you can then
install it. However, blindly downloading distributions is not advisable
for newbies. You can always visit www.distrowatch.org that convineantly
lists the top 100 distributions. Further, the search tool can be used to
search on the distribution type.

Searching on 'older
computers' provides a list of distributions that run well on older
computers. Then there are distros for gamers, education and so on. Each
distribution has a description which states the major goals of the
projects. You can also see screenshots and read reviews.

For first timers however, Ubuntu, Linux Mint or Zorin OS might be useful!

What is a desktop environment?

A
desktop environment is simply a series of menus, taskbars, windows and
keyboard shortcuts that you use to start and run applications. Linux
offers an abundant choice of desktop environments. The main desktop
environments in use are Unity, Cinnamon, Mate, Gnome, KDE, XFCE and
LXDE.

Where can I get Linux distributions?

Most
distributions of course come free, however, some distros make it more
complicated than others when choosing what to download. Ubuntu is fairly
easier since there is only one desktop choice (Unity) and so you simply
get the choice to download a 32 bit version or a 64 bit version.

How do I install Linux but keep Windows?

Some
Linux distributions can run from inside Windows or as well as Windows
without affecting the Windows install at all for those of you still
wanting to hold on to Windows while trying out Linux. For instance,
Ubuntu has the Wubi installer which runs Ubuntu from inside Windows.
While, many other distros enable you to install the Linux distribution
alongside Windows so that when you boot your PC you can choose whether
to use Windows or Linux.

Can I still run my Windows applications?

WINE
enables you to install Windows applications within the Linux operating
system and run them straight from within Linux. While, VirtualBox
enables you to install a copy of Windows within a virtual machine
whereby you can install the Windows applications you wish to use.

Is my hardware supported by Linux?

The answer is a yes! The best thing however is to try out the live version of a distribution first and test all your hardware.

How do I get support for Linux?

The
major distros have forums that you can go to for help. If the forums
don’t work then there are the ICQ chat rooms. Then there is of course
Google and Youtube.

Why would I want to use Linux instead of Windows?

If
your machine is running slowly or it is getting older then you might
not be able to upgrade to a later version of Windows. However, the
current version of Windows will eventually lose support and there is
every chance security holes will be found and not plugged. Moving to a
version of Linux that is designed for older computers will give you
peace of mind that you are running on an operating system designed for
you.

Source: Everyday Linux User







Saurabh Singh, EFYTIMES News Network 







Fonte: 10 Things An 'Average Joe' Must Know About Linux

Here's A List Of 83 Linux Commands For Beginners!

Here's A List Of 83 Linux Commands For Beginners!

Switching to Linux was a wonderful decision, now it's time to explore its power - the command line!

So you have just switched to Linux and trying to figure out what was the fuss about the command prompt as the most powerful tool. Well here's a list of Linux commands for a beginner to help you get a glimpse of what the command prompt can do for you. 

Viewing, copying, moving and deleting files

ls	Display the contents of the current directory
ls -a	Display also hidden files and hidden directories
cp filename /path/dir_name	Copy filename into directory /path/dir_name
cp -r dir_name /path/dir_name2	Copy the entire dir_name into /path/dir_name2
cp filename1 filename2 /path/dir_name	Copy filename1 and filename2 into /path/dir_name
rm name	Remove a file or directory called name
rm -r name	Remove an entire directory as well as its included files and subdirectories
mv filename /path/dir_name	Move filename into /path/dir_name
mv filename1 filename2	Rename filename1 to filename2
cat filename	Display filenames contents
more filename	Display filename in pages. Use spacebar to view next page
head filename	Display filenames first 10 lines
head -15 filename	Display filenames first 15 lines
tail filename	Display filenames last 10 lines
tail -15 filename	Display filenames last 15 lines
pwd	Display current directory
cd /path/dir_name	Change to directory /path/dir_name
cd ..	Go 1 directory up
mkdir dir_name	Create directory dir_name
rmdir dir_name	Delete directory dir_name

Finding files and text within files

updatedb	Update (create first time used) a database of all files under the root directory /
locate filename	Find file filename searching in the database
find / -name filename	Starting from the root directory search for the file called filename
find / -name *filename	Same as above but search for file containing the string filename
grep string /path/dir_name	Starting from /path/dir_name search for all files containing string
which application_name	Search $path for application app_name
whereis application_name	Search $path, man pages and source files for application_name

Archived files

Decompress

tar -xzf filename.tgz	Decompress tzg file
tar -xzf filename.tar.gz	Decompress tar.gz file
tar -xjf filename.tar.bz2	Decompress tar.bz2 file

Compress

tar -czf filename.tar /path/dir_name	Compress directory /path/dir_name to filename.tar
gzip -c filename > filename.gz	Compress /path/dir_name to filename.tar.gz
bzip2 -c filename > filename.bz2	Compress /path/dir_name to filename.tar.bz2

Using rpm files 

rpm -hiv package.rpm	Install rpm called package.rpm
rpm -hiv --force package.rpm	Install rpm called package.rpm by force
rpm -hUv package.rpm	Upgrade rpm called package.rpm
rpm -e package.rpm	Delete rpm called package.rpm
rpm -qpil package.rpm	List files in not-installed rpm called package.rpm
rpm -ql package.rpm	List files in installed rpm called package.rpm
rpm -q str	List installed rpms containing the string str
rpm -qf /path/application_name	Display the rpm that contains application application_name

Starting and Stoping 

startx	Start the X system
shutdown -h now	Shutdown the system now and do not reboot
halt	Same as above
shutdown -r now	Reboot
reboot	Same as above
shutdown -r +10	Reboot in 10 minutes

   

Mounting filesystems

mount -t vfat /dev/sd(a)(1) /mnt/c_drive	Mount the first partition 1 of the first hard disk drive a which is in fat32 vfat dormat under /mnt/c_drive directory
mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom	Mount cdrom under /mnt/cdrom directory
umount /mnt/hda1	Unmout the above

User administration

users	Display users currently logged in
adduser username	Create a new user called username
passwd username	Define password for user called username
who	List logged-in users
whoami	Display current user
finger username	Displays info about user username
su	Log in as root from current login
su -	Log in as root from current login and take root's path
exit	Exit from console login (ie, logout).

Processes 

command	Execute command in the foreground
command &	Execute command in the background
ctrl+z	Suspend a program
ctrl+c	Interrupt a program
ps	List all processes
kill -9 pid	Kill process with id pid
top	Monitor processes in real time

Networking 

hostname	List the system's hostname
ifconfig	Set/Display network information
host ip	Resolves ip's hostname
ping ip/hostname	Check if ip/hostname is reachable
traceroute ip/hostname	Find network path to ip/hostname

   

System Information

uname -a	General system information
fdisk -l	List partition tables
cp filename /path/dir_name	Copy filename into directory /path/dir_name
df -T -h	List filesystem disk space usage
lspci	List PCI devices
lsusb	List USB devices
free -m	Display RAM+Swap usage

Program Compile

gcc -o output file.c	Compile a C program
./output	Run a C program you have compiled
g++ -o output file.cpp	Compile a C++ program
./output	Run a C++ program you have compiled
./configure && make && su -c 'make install'	Configure, compile and install a program with Makefile

List Courtesy: my-guides

Fonte: Here's A List Of 83 Linux Commands For Beginners!

52 C Shell Commands And Their Function!

52 Comandos C Shell  E Suas Funções!

Preparado para testar suas mãos no C Shell? Esses comandos podem vir a calhar!

O C shell (csh), que é a versão melhorada do tcsh, é um shell Unix (na maioria das plataformas), que foi criado por Bill Joy quando ele estava se graduado na Universidade de Berkeley, na Californiain no final do anos 1970. Aprsentando no lançamento do2BSD do sistema Unix BSD, o C shell ganhou popularidade e agora está espalhado e apliado. Então, se você decidiu por suas mãos nesse popular shell para testá-lo, aqui estão 52 comandos e suas funções para lhe ajudar.

Por favor, note que os comandos Shell diferem em uso e em syntax de um tipo de shell para outro e os comandos aqui mencionados são listados para referências gerais. Você pode sempre consultar o comando man para ver como o comando funcionará em um shell em particular.

#	Marca um comando.
breaksw	Utilize isso para quebrar a partir de um comando que transmite o comando executante depois do comando endsw .
fg	Traz o serviço (job) para o plano frontal (foreground).
chdir	Muda de diretório, o mesmo que cd.
cd	Muda de diretório.
nice	Muda a prioridade dos comandos que rondas nesse shell.
case	Condicionalmente desempenha um comando.
goto	Continua a execução depois da label especificada.
alias	Cria um apelido (alias).
unsetenv	Remove variáveis de ambiente.
unset	Remove variáveis do shell.
unhash	Desabilita a tabela interna de hash.
hashstat	Exibe as estatísticas da tabela de hash.
set	Exibe ou configura o valor de uma variável do shell.
@	Exibe ou cria os valores de todas as variáveis do shell.
history	Exibe a lista de comandos executados.
dirs	Exibe lista de diretórios em uma pilha.
time	Exibe o tempo utilizado para executar comandos.
eval	Avalia um comando.
pushd	Troca dois elemenstos da pilha de diretório.
if	Executa um comando se a condicional coincidir.
exec	Executa o comando no shell presente.
while ...end	Executa os comandos repetidamente enquanto não corresponder com a comunicação final.
exit	Sai do shell.
nohup	Ignora o sinal hangup.
jobs	Lista serviços ativos.
login	entrar no shell.
logout	Sair do shell.
notify	Notifica o susuário a respeito de alterações no status do serviço.
popd	Salta ao topo do diretório fora da pilha de diretório e altera para o novo directório topo.
rehash	Re-caucula a tabela de hash a partir de conteúdos dos diretórios em uma variável shell de caminhos (variável shell path).
source	Lê comandos de um script.
unalias	Remove o apelido do comando.
unlimit	Remove limitações do recurso do sistema.
repeat	Repete a execução de um comando.
continue	Resume a próxima iteração de um laço (loop) ou continua depois do laço
break	Resume execução depois do laço.
kill	Envia um sinal para um processo. term [terminate (suspender)] é o sinal padrão.
bg	Envia i serviço para o plano de fundo (background).
setenv	Define as variáveis de ambiente.
limit	Define ou lista os limites de recurso do sistema.
shift	Sobe os argumento do shell.
umask	Exibe ou define as permissões de arquivo.
foreach	Especifica um controle da declaração de e executa uma sequênci de comandos até alcançar um comando final.
default	Especifica o case padrão em um transição.
switch	Inicia uma transição.
stop	Para um serviço em plano de fundo.
suspend	Para um shell presente.
onintr	Diz ao shell o que fazer no interrupt.
wait	Espera o serviço background finalizar.
glob	escreve argumentos para a saída padrão do shell, como o comando echo, mas sem a nova linha.
echo	escreve um argumento na saída padrão do shell.

Atithya Amaresh, EFY News Network

Fonte:52 C Shell Commands And Their Function!